تقييم أثر تنوع استعمالات الأراضي على الجزيرة الحرارية الحضرية في المدن الجديدة في مصر، مدينة طيبة الجديدة کدراسة حالة

نوع المستند : Original Article

المؤلفون

1 کلية الهندسة جامعة اسوان

2 - کلية الهندسة - جامعة أسوان

المستخلص

عانت مصر لفترات طويلة من مشکلة الزيادة السکانية من حيث المعدلات المرتفعة في الزيادة بالإضافة إلى ترکز السکان في مساحة محدودة وکان من ضمن استراتيجيات مواجهة هذه الزيادة هو إنشاء مدن جديدة. حيث انطلقت سياسة إنشاء المدن الجديدة في سبعينيات القرن الماضي، حيث کانت مدينة العاشر من رمضان أول مدينة مصرية جديدة انشئت لمواجهة الزيادة السکانية، ثم تولت هيئة المجتمعات العمرانية الجديدة تطبيق استراتيجية إنشاء المدن الجديدة ليواکب التحضر الزيادة في عدد السکان. وکان من نتيجة تسارع التحضر وتغير أنماط الحياة العديد من المشکلات وکان من أهمها اضطرابات البنية البيئية للمدن. مما أدى إلى ظهور ظاهرة الجزر الحرارية الحضرية(UHI) ،التي تتميز بارتفاع درجات حرارة الهواء والسطحية في المدن عنها في المناطق الريفية. وتعتمد دراسة هذه الظاهرة على تحليل درجات حرارة سطح الأرض (LST)، والتي ترتبط ارتباطًا وثيقًا بخصائص استعمالات الأراضي (LU)، وقد وفرت تقنيات الاستشعار عن بعد ونظم المعلومات الجغرافية (GIS) والبيانات المجانية ذات الدقة العالية للباحثين إمکانية قياس درجات حرارة سطح الأرض عبر مناطق واسعة بدقة زمنية ومکانية کبيرة. کما توفر خرائط Google Earth ذات الدقة العالية مصدر مهم للمخططين لتحديد فئات استعمالات الأراضي. فساعد کل ذلک في تحقيق الهدف الرئيسي للبحث والمتمثل في تقييم تأثير استعمالات الأراضي المختلفة على درجة حرارة سطح الأرض ومن ثم انعکاس ذلک على ظاهرة الجزيرة الحرارية الحضرية في المدن الجديدة. وخلصت الدراسة إلى أن الطرق الممهدة وغير الممهدة، وکذلک الأماکن غير المأهولة، تمتص کميات کبيرة من الإشعاع الشمسي، مما يؤدي إلى زيادة تخزين الحرارة وتفاقم الجزيرة الحرارية الحضرية. کما سجلت المناطق السکنية والخضراء اقل درجات حرارة فکانت مثل الجزر الباردة في وسط الصحراء.

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